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A man with chest pain…
Presenting complaint A 57 year old male presents to his local A&E department complaining of chest pain History taking What questions would you want to ask in relation to the chest pain? Site Onset...
View ArticleA lady with a drooping face…
Presenting complaint A 62 year old female presents to A&E after waking up and noticing the right side of her face was drooping and she was unable to blink. She also complains that everyday noises...
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A sleepy hairdresser
Presenting complaint A 26 year old hairdresser comes into her GP’s complaining of tiredness. It started about 12 weeks ago when she was late to work due to oversleeping, despite having had an early...
View ArticlePostpartum Haemorrhage
Primary Postpartum Haemorrhage Primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is defined as loss of more than 500ml of blood from the genital tract within 24 hours of delivery¹ PPH can be described as minor or...
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Diabetes Insipidus
What is Diabetes Insipidus? Diabetes Insipidus is a disease characterised by the passage of large volumes (>3L/24hrs) of dilute urine (osmolality <300 mOsmol/Kg)¹. It affects approximately 3 in...
View ArticleReference Ranges
Full blood count White cell count (WCC) Total - 4.0–11.0 × 109/L Neutrophils - 2.0–7.5 × 109/L (40–75%) Lymphocytes - 1.3–3.5 × 109/L (20–45% WCC) Eosinophils - 0.04–0.44 × 109/L (1–6% WCC)...
View ArticlePeptic Ulceration
What is a Peptic Ulcer? A peptic ulcer is defined as an acid related ulcer in the lining of the stomach or more commonly the duodenum.¹ Helicobacter Pylori infection is the cause in about 95% of...
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
What is SIADH? The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) involves the excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland or another source....
View ArticleHyperkalaemia
Definition There is no universal definition of hyperkalaemia, but a serum K+ ≥ 5.5 mmol/L is widely used.¹,² In reality, hyperkalaemia is a spectrum with the incidence of complications rising with...
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Hyperparathyroidism
What is Hyperparathyroidism? Hyperparathyroidism is characterised by excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. There are 4 of these glands in the neck, located behind...
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